Book Review: The World of Clovers

By John M. Gillett and Norman L. Taylor, Michael Collins (Editor)

Reviewed by Jonathan O.C. Kubesch, University of Tennessee—Knoxville

Author’s Note: True clovers (Trifolium spp.) are the focus of this article. All scientific names abbreviate Trifolium to T.

The World of Clovers, by John M. Gillett and Norman L. Taylor (2001), is a fantastic primer on the global diversity of the genus Trifolium. Conceived in concert with a world seed collecting effort, Gillett and Taylor work to describe the many known species of this familiar genus. The global distribution of the genus is discussed and the book highlights origins for these species. Native clover species form intriguing distributions. This book covers details in morphological diversity beyond the traditional field guide using photographs. Notes cover the trivial and surprisingly nuanced characteristics of each species. In the 20 years following publication, some new information has developed about these species in the genus Trifolium. However, the book is a strong introduction for the botanist to explore a wider world of clovers.

This book is especially relevant to Kentucky botanists. Norman L. Taylor sought to collect every known species of clover and seed bank them in Lexington, KY. This work led to a framing of the genus (~230 species) with ever-expanding global coverage. Clovers are native to North and South America, Africa, Europe, and the Near East. Surprisingly, clovers are not native to Australia! The Great Plains and Coastal Plain have few native clovers, but the woodland-grassland mosaic of the Southeastern United States supports a handful of native species, such as the running buffalo (T. stoloniferum), Carolina (T. carolinianum), and running glade clovers (T. calcaricum) in addition to the introduced Eurasian species, such as red (T. pratense) and white clovers (T. repens).

The World of Clovers appeals across disciplines and levels. Gillett and Taylor seek to make the diagnostic information as accessible as possible, using common language to avoid a technical glossary. The description and photograph accompanying each species’ seed suits the conservation mission. The black-and-white images on the pages are complemented by an enclosed CD. Moving beyond the traditional field guide or agronomic factsheet, the book gives reproductive biology information. This reproduction section of each species entry suits efforts to propagate plants in cultivation or to encourage success in the wild. The number of cross-pollinated species draws additional attention to the plight of pollinators.

Clovers have served primarily as forages for wildlife and livestock. However, the horticultural benefits of these species also come to mind. The authors mention Kura clover and buffalo clover as two prominent candidates for their ornamental beauty. Of buffalo clover, as an extension of Norman Taylor’s personal fondness, Clovers says, “Many consider this species the most beautiful of the clovers….” In addition to the technical details, these small comments offer some humanity to the often impersonal business of plant sciences. New finds in the taxonomy of the clovers have led to the identification of a new species, Kentucky clover (T. kentuckiense), which is closely related to buffalo clover (T. reflexum)(Chapel and Vincent, 2013).

In 20 years of scientific and economic advancement the world of clovers has changed. Taylor passed in 2010, and his collection was split between Washington State and Georgia USDA seedbanks. Similarly, the use of clovers in agricultural settings has expanded to develop living mulch and perennial ground cover systems. Clovers will hopefully reduce the use of synthetic inputs in agricultural to the benefit of adjacent natural ecosystems.

Dr. Michael Vincent’s 2001 summary of Kentucky’s Trifolium, complements the World of Clovers in further detail on the 11 (now 12 due to the subsequent discovery of T. kentuckiense) species seen in Kentucky (Vincent, 2001). Clovers are part of the historical herbivory and current cropping of the state. This book is a limited description at the species level which the ecologist may apply in conjunction with similar guides on the KY flora.

The World of Clovers is useful to professional and citizen scientists because it encompasses the diversity of the genus. This book goes beyond the traditional field guide, but also comes in an accessible form for the everyday user. Clovers exist under cultivation as well as in Kentucky’s natural areas. The genus Trifolium has grown in a small degree in the time since publication, but the book offers wider coverage that serves both the hiker and horticulturalist.

Acknowledgements

Norman Taylor deserves special mention to his dedication in preserving the native clovers of Kentucky. This article is part of the ongoing efforts of the Kentucky Clover Recovery Team. Will Overbeck provided helpful suggestions and strong editorial contributions. Special thanks to David Barker, Daniel Boone, and Ken Quesenberry for recommending this book. Thanks to Sarah Grace Holland, for her supporting my native clover research.

References

Chapel, K. J., & Vincent, M. A. (2013). Trifolium kentuckiense (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), a new species from Franklin and Woodford counties, Kentucky. Phytoneuron 2013-63: 1–6.Chapel and Vincent 2013.

Gillett, J. M., & Taylor, N. L. (2001). The World of Clovers. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

Vincent, M.A. (2001). The genus Trifolium (Fabaceae) in Kentucky. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 62(1):1-17.

Jonathan Omar Cole Kubesch is a graduate student pursuing a master’s degree in crop science at the University of Tennessee. He studied evolution and ecology—as well as agronomy—at the Ohio State University. He works on forages, grasslands, and prairies with a particular passion for native clovers. 

Kentucky Botanical Symposium 2020 (Virtual)

Kentucky Botanical Symposium and Membership Meeting

KNPS is having a virtual botanical symposium on Thursday, December 10th from 10am-2pm EST. For several years, KNPS has organized a botanical symposium in the fall with a goal of bringing together professionals, citizen scientists, academics, gardeners and students in order to learn about what’s going on in the world of Kentucky Botany. Despite the pandemic year, we thought it was important to continue this event, so please navigate this virtual world and join us to learn about all things botanical in Kentucky.

Topics that will be covered will include, but will not be limited to, KNPS updates, an overview of plant conservation in Kentucky, Kentucky’s roadside grassland and pollinator habitat program, conservation horticulture and native plant propagation, monitoring and managing rare plants and communities on State Nature Preserves, and exciting new Kentucky botanical discoveries.

Agenda

  • 10:00-10:10 Welcome & Introduction
  • 10:10-10:40 State of KY Plant Conservation and KNPS updates
    Jen Koslow, Tara Littlefield, Jeff Nelson, Susan Harkins and David Taylor
  • 10:40-11:05 Inventory, Monitoring and Management of rare plants and communities in State Nature preserves and Natural areas
    Devin Rodgers (Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves)
  • 11:05-11:10 Break
  • 11:10-11:35 Roadside Native Plants Project
    Tony Romano (Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves) and panel
  • 11:35-12:00 Native Plant Propagation Projects
    Emily Ellingson (UK Arboretum), Heidi Braunreiter (Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves)
  • 12:00-12:30 Lunch Break
  • 12:30-1:30 Keynote Speaker, Dr. Alan Weakley
  • 1:30-1:55 Exciting Kentucky Botanical Discoveries
    Mason Brock (Southeastern Grasslands Initiative/Austin Peay State University), Tara Littlefield (Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves)
  • 1:55-2:00 Wrap-up

Keynote Speaker

We could not be more excited about our Keynote speaker Dr. Alan Weakley!   Alan is a plant taxonomist and ecologist whose work in taxonomy and plant conservation has sparked a renaissance of botany in the southeast.  Just after lunch, Alan will address Kentucky’s Botanical Community on interesting topics ranging from plant evolution and biogeography, to conservation, taxonomy and citizen science. 

Alan Weakley, plant taxonomist, community ecologist and conservationist.

Alan Weakley is a plant taxonomist, community ecologist, and conservationist specializing in the Southeastern United States. He holds a B.A. from UNC-Chapel Hill and a Ph.D. from Duke University.  He has worked as botanist and ecologist for the N.C. Natural Heritage Program, and as regional and chief ecologist for The Nature Conservancy and NatureServe. He is currently Director of the UNC Herbarium, a department of the N.C. Botanical Garden, and teaches as adjunct faculty at UNC-Chapel Hill and at the Highlands Biological Station. 

Alan is author of the Flora of the Southeastern United States, and co-author (with Chris Ludwig and Johnny Townsend) of the Flora of Virginia, which has received five awards, including the Thomas Jefferson Award for Conservation. He is also co-author (along with Laura Cotterman and Damon Waitt) of Wildflowers of the Atlantic Southeast.

The Flora of the Southeastern United States is an open access, downloadable flora with over 10,000 species. See the article about this important research here: Flora of the Southeastern United States – 2020 Edition

He has also released an app, FloraQuest, co-developed with Michael Lee and Rudy Nash, covering the Southeastern United States flora. He has authored over 100 journal articles and book chapters, and is in high demand as a speaker on plant taxonomy, community classification and mapping, biogeography, and biodiversity conservation. He is active with the Flora of North America project and the United States National Vegetation Classification, serves as an advisor to the N.C. Natural Heritage Program and N.C. Plant Conservation Program, and is a co-founder of the Carolina Vegetation Survey. As a trustee and board member of public and private conservation granting agencies and foundations, he has helped oversee $400,000,000 of land conservation grants in the Southeastern United States.

What your gardening friends really want for Christmas

By Susan Harkins and Paula Mullins

It’s that time of year, and you’re in luck if a gardener is on your gift list. If you’re the gardener, send a link to this article to all of you secret Santas!

Passionate gardeners are probably the easiest people to please. If you’re close, you might already know that they’re searching for a specific orchid or drooling over a new set of shiny loppers. On the other hand, if you’re not sure, we can help.

Close to the holidays, you can purchase traditional holiday plants most anywhere. Amaryllis, paperwhites, and holiday cacti will show up everywhere and they’re affordable. They’re not natives, and not all gardeners are keen on house plants; if they don’t have any, skip this suggestion.

Tools are personal, but a gardener can almost always use a new set of good hand pruners, a hori knife, or a good pruning saw. A gardener can never have too many pairs of gardening shears, and they come in all sizes. If your gardening friend tends to lose tools (I know I do), a tool apron might be high on their list. It should have lots of pockets in different widths and lengths to corral they’re favorite hand tools.

A vase or planter might be just the ticket. Like tools, a gardener can never have too many. For that reason, make sure it’s spectacular or unusual in some way. They probably have tons of normal vases and planters already.

As odd as it might sound, you might hook up with a local farmer and purchase compost to be delivered in early spring. Then, help your gardening friend spread it—helping is as important as the purchase.

If your gardener is a little older, consider a new gardening cart to replace their awkward wheelbarrow. Gorilla carts are durable, easy to handle, and they come in more than one size! An easy-to-handle, flexible, lightweight gardening hose of at least 100 feet would be great. I love my bench that provides comfort whether I’m kneeling or sitting, and the handles help me get up and down.

For the reader, consider a number of gardening books: Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada, by William Cullina; Gardening for the Birds, by Thomas G. Barnes; Kentucky’s Last Great Places by Thomas G. Barnes, Plant Life of Kentucky by Ronald L. Jones (this is for the studious gardener); Trees & Shrubs of Kentucky by Mary E. Wharton and Roger W. Barbour, Edible Wild Plants by John Kallas, PhD; Wildflowers and Ferns of Kentucky by Thomas G. Barnes and S. Wilson Francis; Bringing Nature Home by Douglas W. Tallamy; The Living Landscape by Rick Darke and Doug Tallamy; and many more.

A small pop-up greenhouse would be a certain winner, especially if you offer to help put it together! They come in a variety of sizes and prices. Make sure your friend has space for it before you make the purchase.

If you’re feeling especially generous, a potter’s table would be a huge surprise and a certain hit! Before you purchase anything, size up their surroundings: Do they really have room for one? If it needs to stay outside, purchase something durable, such as resin or stainless steel. They come in lots of sizes with different amenities, so you’ll have lots of choices.

Most gardeners love nature in general, so anything in that vein is a good bet. A membership to a nearby private garden or arboretum will be well-received. In our area, we have Yew Dell Gardens and the Waterfront Botanical Gardens, both in Louisville. The Arboretum in Lexington is public, so a membership isn’t necessary. However, if your gardening friend has everything already, you might consider a donation in their name.

A pretty water feature is always nice, especially if you help with (or pay for) installation. Garden art is iffy—it’s personal, but if you know the gardener well, you can probably pull it off.

If you still can’t decide, consider a gift card they can use to purchase a squirrel-proof bird feeder that really works, seed packets, tools, mulch, bulbs, nursery plants, and so on. Consider a gift card to a native nursery, such as Ironweed Native Plant Nursery in Columbia Kentucky or Dropseed Native Plant Nursery in Goshen (neither uses pesticides or sell plants treated with neonicotinoids.)

You might not have to spend any money at all. A hand-made coupon and a sincere promise to return in the spring and help your gardening friend put in a new bed, spread mulch, or just clean up the winter mess would be a gift from the heart that your gardening friend will never forget. I think I’m adding this one to my own list!

KNPS protective mask is now available for purchase.

Finally, for the native-loving gardener who has everything, consider a KNPS membership or some branded gear. For information about memberships, read https://www.knps.org/membership/. You can browse gear, including masks, at https://www.knps.org/2020/11/08/the-knps-gear-shop/. You can’t go wrong with either!

This article was originally published by the Franklin County Hort Newletter, but has been adapted for native plant lovers.

Paula Mullins and Susan Harkins are master gardeners with the Frankfort area group, Capital Area Master Gardeners. This group services Franklin, Anderson, and Woodford County.

Native spotlight: Hepatica

By Susan Harkins

Kentucky doesn’t have many winter-hardy wildflowers, so gardeners plant non-natives—daffodil, crocus, and hellebore mostly—to brighten up their early spring yards. By the end of February, I’m crabby and needing a respite and those early blooms sooth my soul and remind me that within a few weeks the world will be warm and full of color again. Daffodils bridge the gap between my “I’m going to die…” stage and “Ah! Spring!” You don’t have to rely on non-natives though, thanks to Hepatica.

Shenandoah National Park

Hepatica isn’t Kentucky’s earliest native bloomer. That distinction probably goes to Symplocarpus foetidus, commonly known as skunk cabbage or polecat weed. Unless you have a shady bog to fill, you probably can’t rely on skunk cabbage to scout out spring. The next earliest native bloomer is Hepatica. By mid-April, they’re everywhere, but I’ve spied them earlier.

If they bloomed any later, these small delicate flowers would be totally overwhelmed by the riotous outbreak of warmer spring colors. Somehow, they arrive at just the right time.

Kentucky claims two varieties: Hepatica americana and Hepatic acutiloba. You might once have known this native as Hepatica nobilis, but that is the European species and it no longer applies to our Kentucky species.

Botany

Tiny hairs protect the tender buds that often push through late snow. If you examine them closely, they look fuzzy, as if they’re wearing fur caps for protection. Hairs also protect the stems and leaves, and it’s possible the hairs help retain heat. They are “evergreen,” living a full year.

Blooms appear in a variety of colors: white, pink, lavender, purple, and blue. Their “petals” are actually sepals held in place by three bracts. The number of sepals varies, and they last for weeks. Heart-shaped leaves grow at the stem’s base. Hepatica means liver in Latin, and the name is derived from its liver-shaped winter leaves. That also explains its common names, liverwort and liverleaf.

Once the sepals die, a set of new leaves emerge to continue soaking in the sun’s ray, storing up energy for next spring’s early blooms. As winter moves in, the leaves darken until they seem to disappear, but they’re ready to start photosensitizing with spring’s first hint of sun. That “evergreen” leaf is the reason Hepatica can bloom so early in the spring.

You might wonder how this flower pollinates considering how few insects are out and about in early spring. Cross-pollination by an insect, such as solitary bees, is preferred, but this plant is autogamous–it can fertilize itself!

In your garden

Besides keeping you sane until spring truly erupts, this little beauty makes a lovely garden plant. Once established, they spread quickly and form little clumps of flowers that are a sweet complement to crocus and other non-native spring bloomers.

Plant Hepatica in a moist rich soil that receives only a few hours of sun (not full shade). Because they can so easily be obscured, plant them in mass or among ornamental rocks. They need good air flow to prevent leaf spotting.

Fortunately for gardeners, Heptica grows easily from seed. The small seeds are ready to collect in late spring; if the seeds aren’t easy to remove, they’re not ripe. It’s easier to cut the entire star-shaped seed cluster into a bag than to collect only the seeds because of their small size. The seeds are still green when ripe and need a period of warm stratification, followed by cold stratification before they will geminate. For that reason, I recommend that you sow them immediately.

Seeds germinate and produce seed leaves the next spring. They’ll produce flowers their second year, so plan ahead. If you’re germinating in flats, prepare to keep them for two years before transplanting.

Whether you’re a native purist or simply looking for a bridge into spring, consider Hepatica. It’s so delicate that it hardly seems possible that it has survived the harsh winter, but year after year, it not only returns, it celebrates, and we celebrate in kind.

Huron-Manistee National Forests

Winter Botanizing—Tips and Resources

by Nick Koenig

As the first day of Winter has passed, the growing season has concluded in the Commonwealth. This may appear to be time for native plant enthusiast to close up shop until the beloved Spring ephemerals make their appearance in March. However, the Kentucky landscape provides plant lovers with many opportunities to botanize during these colder months, and I hope to share some of the groups you can learn as well as the resources I would recommend! While winter identification will be a bit more esoteric than having leaves and flowers at one’s disposal, it is a challenge I encourage everyone to take a jab at.

If there’s wood… there’s a bud!

From the largest of tress to the smallest of vines, if a plant has wood, then this necessitates a bud to protect next year’s leaves. While buds are smaller and look more similar to one another than flowers and leaves, they can give great clues to what species you might be looking at. Sometimes the buds can be more trustworthy than leaves as well!

Photo Credit: Virginia Tech Dendrology Fact Sheet – Acer Rubrum

Photo Credit: Virginia Tech Dendrology Fact Sheet – Liriodendron tulipifera

Pictured on the left is Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and on the right is Kentucky’s state tree the Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) both displaying their buds awaiting a botanist’s identification!

Evergreen

An obvious choice is to look for species that keep their leaves all year. This can range from ferns (see below) and gymnosperms (Pines and Spruces) to the angiosperms (like American Holly). While there will not be as many species to identify during the winter that have their leaves on display when compared to the summer months, there are still some species to appreciate.

Photo credit: https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/christmas-fern

Pictured is the Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) which can be found year-round.

Mosses

I usually find the mosses to be the most challenging group of plant life to tackle, but, alas, the mosses do provide plant lovers to pursue their quest to learn what mother nature holds in store for us.

Resources

Below is one app and two books that can help with you winter botanical adventures:

iNaturalist App

This is a great resource for getting an identifier in the ballpark. The app may not do too well with pictures of buds especially if the pictures are not of the best quality, but it is worth a try. If you need instructions on how to use the app, check out the following Lady Slipper article from a previous issue: iNaturalist Tutorial

Woody Plants of Kentucky and Tennessee—The Completed Winter Guide to Their Identification and Use by Jones and Wofford

Commonly called “Woody,” this book has a dichotomous key and a great set of colored pictures in the back.

Common Mosses of the Northeast and Appalachians by McKnight et al.

A great resource for moss identification for our area. Mosses are difficult to identify so this book may only help you get to family or genus, but some you might be able to get to species!

Editors Notes—Join the Editorial Team!

Hello KNPS members! I am writing to encourage you to become a part of the editorial. We are all volunteers and could use your help in many ways. From checking for grammar to writing submissions, you can be involved in the smallest to the largest of ways. Even if you can only help for 15 minutes a month, your involvement in the Lady Slipper would be extremely beneficial! If you would like to join, have any questions, or have an article idea, please email ladyslipper@knps.org. Thank you!

From the Lady Slipper Archive: Floracliff’s Old Trees

The Lady Slipper newsletter of the Kentucky Native Plant Society has been published since the Society’s founding in 1986. This is one of a series of reprints from past issues. This article, about Kentucky’s oldest documented trees, first appeared in Vol. 24, No. 2, Winter 2009. If you would like to see other past issues, visit the Lady Slipper Archives, where all issues from Vol. 1, No. 1, February 1986 to Vol. 34, No. 1, Winter/Spring 2019 (after which we moved to this blog format) can be found.

Floracliff’s Old Trees: Acorns of Restoration for the Inner Bluegrass Region

By Neil Pederson, Eastern Kentucky University

“Woodie C. Guthtree”, Kentucky’s oldest known living tree at 398 years.
Photo by Beverly James.

Old trees are windows into historical events. The science of tree-ring analysis takes advantage of a characteristic common to all trees: no matter how bad things get – an approaching fire, tornado, drought, etc. – trees must stay in place and absorb these abuses. Though each tree is an individual, environmental events like these impact all trees in a similar fashion: events that limit a tree’s ability to gain energy reduce the annual ring width. Scientists interpret patterns of ring widths within tree populations to reconstruct environmental history. To date, tree-ring scientists have successfully reconstructed drought history, Northern Hemisphere temperature, fire histories, insect outbreaks, etc. Tree-ring studies have also enriched human history. Scientists have dated logs from ancient structures that, in turn, triggered revisions of human history. Similarly, tree-ring evidence indicates that a severe drought likely contributed to the failure of The Lost Colony in Roanoke, NC and to the outbreak of a highly-contagious disease and subsequent crashes of the human population in ancient Mexico City. Just a few old trees in a small landscape can shed light into long-forgotten or unobserved events.

Floracliff Manager Beverly James cores “Old Twisty”.

In late-summer ‘08, Beverly James, manager of Floracliff Nature Sanctuary, contacted me about sampling some trees in Floracliff to gain insight into the preserve’s ecological history. Having been in Floracliff previously, I was skeptical of coring its trees. It is so close to a major corridor (even pre-Daniel Boone), has a series of fields within the sanctuary, is dominated by a second-growth forest being overrun by bush honeysuckle and lies in the vicinity of the oldest European settlements in Kentucky. How and why could old trees survive these conditions? I feared that the coring of any trees here would reveal little beyond the fact that Floracliff was a young forest heavily cut within the last 100 years.

Later that fall, with permission from the Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission and a great crew, including Dr. Ryan McEwan of University of Dayton, Ciara Lockstadt (a volunteer assistant at Floracliff), and Chris Boyer (undergrad at Eastern Kentucky University), the six of us cored 20 living chinkapin oaks. The first tree we cored came in at 372 years, the oldest documented tree in Kentucky—a record, it turns out, that did not last more than 30 minutes. Our second tree came in at 398 years and is now the oldest-documented tree in Kentucky. Named “Woodie C. Guthtree”, he now has his own “Facebook” page [Visit Woodie C. Guthree’s FB page].

Floracliff’s old growth “epicenter” by Beverly James.

I teach a course on the ecology of old-growth forests. A reoccurring theme of the course is, “What is an old-growth forest?” As our society moves farther and farther away from the 1600s and fully appreciates the value of biological conservation, this question becomes pertinent. If the definition of an old-growth forest is simply a forest untouched by people of European descent, then there are no old-growth forests and little incentive to protect once, twice or thrice disturbed forests. However, if we define old-growth forests using the philosophy of Michael Pollan, who states that old-growth forests (or anything natural) will only persist because of human will, then it makes sense to allow the influence of humans into the old-growth forest definition. Making this allowance then allows for future creation and restoration of old-growth forests, a concept that the former definition makes impossible.

To be clear, these old trees are cull trees in a second-growth forest – these trees were left behind by loggers because they were seen as “inferior”. They did not grow to be prime, sawboard-producing trees. Their value, in my mind, is great. Not only have they been witnessing changes in the environment since well before Daniel Boone stepped foot into Kentucky, they are an important link to the past in an area that has more legend right now than facts. Floracliff and its Original Individuals can be a core for the recovery of the Inner Bluegrass landscape. See, while these trees were not considered “superior” when the Floracliff was cut, they contain genetic structure that is directly tied to pre-European forests. There was likely a loss of genetic diversity with logging. Yet, the architecture of the Original Individuals, which is what allowed them to live through the pre-sanctuary era, was likely shaped by what they struggled against to survive – direct competition, rather than weak genes. Plants seem to carry multiple copies of their genes. And, if the new discipline/area of study epigentics is any indication, genes are dynamic; a tree’s DNA system might be more dynamic than previously thought. Hope might genetically spring anew from these old chinkapin oaks.

Neil Pederson with “Woodie.”

As this chapter of environmental investigation closes, I look forward to the future of Floracliff and discoveries of the environmental history of the Inner Bluegrass Region. Floracliff is an emerald of the Inner Bluegrass; it can seed restoration of future old-growth forests while providing hope for the discovery of more forests with similar connections to ancient times. Floracliff will also be the lead forest in the reconstruction of regional environmental and human history. Its trees can help us answer questions such as, “What was the climate like during the settlement of Fort Boonesborough, Harrodsburg and Danville?” and “Were there any large-scale disturbances in the forests of the Inner Bluegrass region during the last 300 years?” The rare old trees of Floracliff will reveal important slivers of historical Fayette County ecology – slivers which will allow us to ponder and construct plans for a more sensible and hopeful future environment.