Many KNPS members and friends are passionate native plant gardeners and are always on the look out for sources of native plants and seeds. Beginning native plant gardeners also often are looking for help with landscape design and similar services. For several years the KNPS website has featured a listing of Native Plant Suppliers & Service Providers in our region who grow and sell native plants and who work with native plants in other ways. Service providers include landscape designers and installers, invasive species removal specialists, habitat restoration specialists, and other businesses that have a focus on native plants.
If you are a native plant related business or know of such as business, and would like to have that business featured, we invite you to fill out this form on our website: https://www.knps.org/native-plant-supplier-form/.
A new calendar year has begun and as each day becomes a bit longer it is a good time to reflect on the past and look forward to the future. 2022 was my first year as President of our Society and was also our first chance to come together for in-person events after 2 years of the COVID pandemic.
KNPS activities for the year began with Wildflower Week 2022, a week of native plant activities, culminating in our first, in-person, Wildflower Weekend since 2019. We began the week with around a dozen wildflower walks in locations across the Commonwealth, from McCracken Co. in the west to Letcher Co. in the east. These walks were billed as “iNaturalist Tutorial Hikes” and had two goals. To help people utilize the iNaturalist app for plant identification and to get folks participating in our second, week-long BotanyBlitz. A BotanyBlitz is an event where participants try to document as many plant species as possible within a certain geographical location during a set period of time. The KNPS Wildflower Week 2022 Botany Blitz began on April 2, 2022 and ran through April 9, 2022. During that week, participants made over 4,500 observations of 537 different species of Kentucky plants, including 6 species that are listed as rare in KY.
Planning is now well on its way for our third annual BotanyBlitz on iNaturalist from April 8th-15th, 2023. As in prior years, BotanyBlitz allows us to broaden our spring wildflower scope to the entire state of Kentucky and allows us to highlight natural areas across the commonwealth! If you work/volunteer at a natural area in Kentucky and would like to partner with us to host a wildflower hike at your site to kick off the BotanyBlitz week, please send an email to: WildflowerWeekend2023@knps.org
Sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata), Red River Gorge
From April 8th, 2022 through April 10th, 2022, over 100 native plant enthusiasts came together to enjoy KNPS’ first, in-person, Wildflower Weekend since 2019, Wildflower Weekend 2022. Although temperatures were cool and skies were damp at Natural Bridge SRP, spirits were high as folks dressed for the weather and enjoyed 14 different native plant walks led by an incredible group of expert botanists. Saturday night, a large group of KNPS members and friends met in the Woodland Center for presentations by Ted Brancheau, Nick Koenig, and the keynote speaker, Mike Homoya.
Planning has already begun on Wildflower Weekend 2023 and the dates have been set for April 14th – 16th, 2023! For over 30 years, Kentucky Native Plant Society has partnered with Natural Bridge State Resort Park to offer guided hikes to explore Kentucky’s rich natural history and resources in the Red River Gorge. This year, Kentucky State Parks has offered to host our annual Wildflower Weekend at another of Kentucky’s beautiful state parks: Cumberland Falls State Resort Park. We are excited to hike new trails, see new wildflowers, and increase access to this event for members in a different part of the state. Save the dates and watch your email in early March for details on the hikes and registration procedures.
Field trips to quality natural areas in Kentucky have always been an important part of the educational mission of KNPS. Field trips in 2022 explored native plant communities that most of us have little experience with, from the Ohio River bottomland, cypress-tupelo swamps to the limestone barrens of central Kentucky. We hope to explore more of Kentucky’s rich diversity of native plant life in 2023. If there is an area in Kentucky that you think would be a good candidate site for a field trip, or if you would like to help by leading or co-leading a field trip this year, just send us an email at FieldTrips@knps.org.
We were thrilled to be able to have workshops again. In May of 2022, we were presented a workshop, Plant Family Identification Motifs: patterns for simplifying the complexity, led by Dr. J. Richard Abbott, Assistant Professor of Biology at the University of Arkansas. This workshop filled up fast when offered and was very well received, with one participant saying, “Just wanted to drop a line that this class was fantastic!” We hope to offer more workshops going forward.
KNPS Members & Friends at Blue Licks Battlefield SRP for the KNPS Fall Meeting, Oct. 15, 2022
We closed out the year’s activities with our 2022 Fall Meeting at Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort Park on Saturday, October 15th. On a beautiful fall day dozens of KNPS members and friends came together at Blue Licks Battlefield for our first in-person Fall Meeting since 2019. Blue Licks is one of the few locations in the world (three counties in KY and one county in IN) where the globally rare goldenrod, Short’s goldenrod (Solidago shortii) can be found. The day began with presentations about Short’s goldenrod by Dr. Carol Baskin and Jess Slade. In the afternoon the group, led by KNPS Vice-President Heidi Braunreiter and Immediate Past President Tara Littlefield, explored a limestone glade community in the park. The group saw Short’s goldenrod in bloom, along with two other species of native goldenrod, gray goldenrod (S. nemoralis) and tall goldenrod (S. altissima). Other native species of note that were in bloom included Great Plains lady’s tresses (Spiranthes magnicamporum), white gentian (Gentiana alba), and agueweed (Gentianella quinquefolia). It was wonderful to come together and share our love of Kentucky’s native plants. For one person’s experience, be sure to read Kristin Bailey Wilson’s post about the day, KNPS 2022 Fall Meeting Provides Information and Community.
2023 is already shaping up to be a banner year for the Kentucky Native Plant Society. We are kicking off the year with the annual Kentucky Botanical Symposium, on Thursday, January 26th from 9:00AM-11:30AM EST. This is one event that we continue to present virtually. Be sure to follow the link and register for this great event. April 8-16 will bring Wildflower Week 2023, with plant ID hikes, BotanyBlitz 2023, and Wildflower Weekend. We plan to offer several field trips throughout the year and we are hoping to set up at least one workshop.
The mission of the Kentucky Native Plant Society is to promote education about, appreciation for, and conservation of our native flora. Everything that KNPS does in support of this mission is planned, organized, and implemented by volunteers from our membership. Nothing happens without members’ willingness to help out. Regardless of whether you are a long time advocate for Kentucky’s native plants or if you are just getting started in your journey of exploration with native flora, we would love for you to become more involved with the Society. If you can help KNPS out this year, please take a minute to submit the form below.
In June of 2022, a KNPS member posted this image on the KNPS Facebook group page of a t-shirt she had found in a thrift store. Asking among several longtime members, it turns out that in the 1990s, and into the early 2000’s, KNPS produced t-shirts for each Wildflower Weekend. Planning has already begun for Wildflower Weekend 2023 (April 14th-16th, at Cumberland Falls State Resort Park) and we have decided to bring back this great tradition.
This is where you, KNPS members and friends, come in! We want the design to be similar to the 1991 shirt, with one (or more?) native plant species as the central element. We want to use species that would likely be flowering (or showing attractive foliage) in mid-April, in the area around Cumberland Falls. The plant that we choose should be showy and lend itself to attractive graphical representation on a t-shirt. The planning committee has come up with a list of thirteen species that meet these criteria. We now need you to pick the species that will be on the t-shirt for Wildflower Weekend 2023. Go through the slideshow of the species below and then submit your top three choices using the form at the bottom of the screen.
Coming Together to Discuss Current Botany Projects, Conservation, and Collaboration in Kentucky and Beyond
Missouri Ironweed (Vernonia missurica), West Kentucky WMA, McCracken Co., July 29, 2022
KNPS will be hosting our annual, virtual, Botanical Symposium on Thursday, January 26th, from 9AM-11:30PM EST. For several years, KNPS has organized a botanical symposium in the fall/winter with a goal of bringing together professionals, citizen scientists, academics, gardeners and students in order to learn about what’s going on in the world of Kentucky Botany. Everyone interested in the native plants of Kentucky is welcome to watch the Symposium and there is no charge for this event. The Symposium will be recorded and will be made available online if you are unable to attend.
We are currently working on lining up presenters and developing the topics for the Symposium. Watch The Lady Slipper for details as they become available. In the meantime, you might want to watch the presentations from the 2020 Botanical Symposium and the 2021 Botanical Symposium. If you have any questions, shoot us an email at KYPlants@knps.org
Carolina spiderlily (Hymenocalis caroliniana) at Ballard WMA on 8/12/22.Photo courtesy of Pat Berla.
I hope this message finds you all well. As we move into late fall, Kentucky remains in drought conditions, with most of the state in moderate to severe drought. Down here in the Jackson Purchase we have had no significant rainfall since early July. As devastating as drought is to agriculture and gardens, the response of our native plants and plant communities to these conditions can be quite instructive. In low, moist, woodland communities, such as can be found in the Ohio River floodplains, the shady soils retained enough moisture, well into September, for most native species to continue to grow and bloom. On a visit to Ballard WMA in mid-August for example, we saw several native species in bloom, including the spectacular Carolina spiderlily (Hymenocalis caroliniana, syn. H. occcidentalis).
Join with other KNPS members and friends for our first, in-person fall meeting since 2019. Our 2022 Fall Meeting will be held at Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort Park on Saturday, October 15th. There will be a meeting in the morning, from 10am-noon, with interesting talks and updates from KNPS, and walks in the afternoon to look at some of the plants and plant communities that occur at the state park. The fall meeting will be held in tandem with the Short’s Goldenrod Festival being put on by the state park.
The Lady Slipper newsletter of the Kentucky Native Plant Society has been published since the Society’s founding in 1986. We occasionally feature an article from a past issue. This one, about Kentucky’s most widespread milkweed species, Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), first appeared in the fall of 2011, Vol. 26, No. 3. If you would like to see other past issues, visit the Lady Slipper Archives, where all issues from Vol. 1, No. 1, February 1986 to Vol. 34, No. 1, Winter/Spring 2019 (after which we moved to this blog format) can be found.
Kentucky’s Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) By David Taylor, US Forest Service
Whole plant with flowers
Common milkweed is a perennial forb that spreads by means of rhizomes and seed. It is one of about 115 species that occur in the Americas. Most species are tropical or arid land species. Plants may occur as a few individuals, but once established, form small to large colonies. Individual plants range from 1 to 2 m (~ 3 to 6 ft) tall. Leaves are elliptic to ovate to oblong and somewhat thick. Mature leaves are 15-20 cm (6-8 in) long and 5 to 9 cm (~ 2 to 3.6 in) wide, with a prominent midvein. The underside of the leaf is frequently finely pubescent. The stem is stout, usually simple, and green to black (see below) in color. When broken, the leaves, as well as stem and fruit, exude milky latex. Flowers are purplish to rosy pink to mostly white or even greenish and about 2 cm (0.75 in) long and 1 cm (0.4 in) wide. They occur in semi-spherical umbels (umbrella-like clusters) in the upper leaf axils. Flowers are somewhat complex in their structure, with structures not found in the average flower. The flowers are strongly and sweetly scented.
Milkweed pods
The fruits (pods), known as follicles, are formed from the union of multiple flowers. They are green, covered in soft spiky projections and are finely pubescent. When the seeds are mature, the follicle splits exposing the seeds. Each seed is equipped with a coma, a soft group of hairs. As the newly exposed seeds dry, the hairs of the coma expand allowing the seed to catch a ride on the wind. When broken, the leaves, as well as stem and fruit, exude milky latex.
Common milkweed is a widespread and somewhat weedy species. It is known from most of the eastern U.S and the eastern-most prairie states as well as southern Canada from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan. It is frequently found in fence rows, on roadsides, in fields, and in prairies and pastures. Given the opportunity, it will establish in gardens and even thin lawns. It is tolerant of light shade, but generally is a full sun species.
Monarch caterpillar on leaf
The genus name, Asclepias, commemorates Asklepios, the Greek god of medicine. Some of the species have a history of medicinal use including common milkweed (wart removal and lung diseases) and butterfly weed (aka pleurisy root— pleurisy and other lung disease). The specific epithet, syriaca, means ‘of Syria’ and is a misnomer: Linnaeus thought the species was native to Syria. This species is some times eaten as a salad herb, requiring multiple boilings of the young shoots before it is palatable. The reason for the boiling is to rid the shoots of various cardiac glucosides and other bitter principles. Milk weeds contain various levels of these compounds which render the plants toxic to most insects and animals. For some insects, the cardiac glucosides become a defense. They can store them in their tissue which renders them inedible or toxic to other animals. Monarch butterflies use this defense and birds leave them and the caterpillars alone. What the birds do not know is that northern monarchs feeding on common milkweed accumulate relatively little of the toxic compounds and probably would be edible. The more southern butterflies accumulate large amounts of the compounds from other species and are in fact toxic.
The stems contain a bast (inner ‘bark’) fiber used by Native Americans to produce twine and rope. The concentration and quality of the fiber make it potentially useful as a commercial fiber plant. Fiber quality is that of flax.
Common milkweed is an important pollinator and food plant for a large number of insects (more than 450 documented). It could be said that common milkweed is Nature’s mega food market for insects. Numerous butterflies, flies, bees, wasps, and beetles feed on the nectar and pollen produced by the flowers. Even hummingbirds will try, apparently unsuccessfully, to extract nectar. Aphids, especially the yellow-orange oleander or milkweed aphids (Aphis nerii), are commonly found on milkweeds including common milkweed. Large infestations of aphids can lead to formation of sooty mold on the plants which can turn the stems and leaves from green to gray to black. Two true bugs, the large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) and the small milkweed bug (Lygaeus kalmia) feed on the seeds, but the large milkweed bug is more often encountered. Large populations of either species can reduce the seed production potential of a colony of common milkweed by as much as 80-90%. The colorful (red with black dots) red milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetraophthalmus) feeds on the leaves. The milkweed leaf beetle (Labidomera clivicollis), another orange-red and black beetle may feed on common milkweed but has a preference for swamp milkweed (A. incarnata). At least two caterpillars, the milkweed tussock caterpillar (Euchaetes egle) and the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) feed on this plant. The red (or orange-red) and black coloration of most of these insects is known as aposematic coloration; that is, the colors advertise the fact that the organism is not good to eat. Other palatable species mimic the toxic species and gain some protection as a result. A well known example is the viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) which mimics the monarch .
Large milkweed bugsPredated milkweed seedsMilkweed tussock moth caterpillarsMilkweed aphid, mothers and young, on Cynanchum laeve
For monarchs, common milkweed is among the most important food plants. It is the primary food plant for northern U.S. and southern Canada monarchs and is a major food plant for monarchs in the central and southern U.S. Monarchs migrating from the mountains of Mexico lay eggs on milkweed species in northern Mexico and the southern U.S. The butterflies that result from these eggs move further north in stages, with a change in species of milkweeds utilized as they move north. Common milkweed is the usual northern species. Monarchs can be helped by encouraging existing common patches of common milkweed and planting new ones. The plant grows readily from seed and spreads quickly by deep rhizomes. Because common milkweed can be weedy and difficult to remove, care should be used to establish the plant only in places where spread can be tolerated.
